The complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms is defined as soil. It forms the foundation of terrestrial ecosystems and plays a crucial role in supporting life on Earth. Soil serves as a medium for plant growth, regulates water flow, filters pollutants, and stores carbon (Robert E. White, 2005). Good soil management is key for a good production and a sustainable agro-ecosystem. Understanding the different types of soil is essential for effective land management, agriculture, and environmental conservation. The ideal soil composition consists of 50% solids (45% minerals and 5% organic matter) and 50% pores (25% air and 25% water).

The fall armyworm belongs to the order Coleoptera, which is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America and moved to Africa in 2016 and then spread to Asia, Australia, and the Arab region (FAO 2021).

Agriculture is the backbone of all civilizations, and the stronger this backbone is the stronger the civilization will be. Agricultural systems are man-made systems with the aim of cultivating the largest number of crops possible within the system. However, it makes no sense to follow a system that meets the aim we need if we can not sustain the system for years to come. Additionally, human and soil health should be evaluated as well, and the overall environmental effects should be studied before adopting any agricultural system. From this perspective, agronomists realized that the highest yield/production is not a reliable indicator for the efficiency or the sustainability

Greenhouses are structures designed primarily for cultivating plants that require specific environmental conditions to thrive. They are typically made of transparent materials like glass or plastic to allow sunlight to penetrate and heat the interior. The transparent walls and roof help trap heat inside, creating a warmer climate than the external environment, which is crucial for growing plants that might not cultivate in the local climate. Greenhouses represent an innovative and important method for cultivating crops within an enclosed structure that regulates environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light exposure, and ventilation. This method has gained great importance in

Spinach has always been known for its health benefits, famously containing iron and vitamins. But modern science, using tools like metabolomics, confirms that this leafy green is packed with even more powerful compounds that are vital for your health.

Corn rust (Puccinia sorghi – Common Rust; Puccinia polysora – Southern Rust; Physopella zeae – Tropical Rust) represents one of the most economically significant fungal diseases affecting maize (Zea mays) production worldwide, including in Egypt. As an obligate biotrophic pathogen, the rust fungus depends entirely on living host tissue for growth and reproduction. In Egypt, corn rust threatens both summer and winter maize crops, with yield losses ranging from 10–40% in susceptible varieties under favorable conditions. Warm, humid weather and dense plant populations accelerate disease spread dramatically. Unlike soil-bo