The fall armyworm belongs to the order Coleoptera, which is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America and moved to Africa in 2016 and then spread to Asia, Australia, and the Arab region (FAO 2021).

The complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms is defined as soil. It forms the foundation of terrestrial ecosystems and plays a crucial role in supporting life on Earth. Soil serves as a medium for plant growth, regulates water flow, filters pollutants, and stores carbon (Robert E. White, 2005). Good soil management is key for a good production and a sustainable agro-ecosystem. Understanding the different types of soil is essential for effective land management, agriculture, and environmental conservation. The ideal soil composition consists of 50% solids (45% minerals and 5% organic matter) and 50% pores (25% air and 25% water).

Agricultural Practices in the Organic Trial Using Bio NovaPlus and Bio NovaQ Products

Soil salinity refers to the concentration of soluble salts present in the soil. These salts accumulate over time through various natural and human- induced processes, and when present in high concentrations, they can severely impact agricultural productivity and plant health. The primary measurement used to assess soil salinity is Electrical Conductivity (EC), typically expressed in deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). This measurement works because dissolved salts increase the soil's ability to conduct electrical current; the more salts present, the higher the conductivity reading. Understanding where your soil falls on the salinity spectrum is crucial

Greenhouses are structures designed primarily for cultivating plants that require specific environmental conditions to thrive. They are typically made of transparent materials like glass or plastic to allow sunlight to penetrate and heat the interior. The transparent walls and roof help trap heat inside, creating a warmer climate than the external environment, which is crucial for growing plants that might not cultivate in the local climate. Greenhouses represent an innovative and important method for cultivating crops within an enclosed structure that regulates environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light exposure, and ventilation. This method has gained great importance in

In the quest for sustainable agriculture, biofertilizers have emerged as a game-changer. These natural fertilizers harness the power of microorganisms to enhance soil fertility and plant growth, offering an eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers. When applied biofertilizers to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promote growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.