The complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms is defined as soil. It forms the foundation of terrestrial ecosystems and plays a crucial role in supporting life on Earth. Soil serves as a medium for plant growth, regulates water flow, filters pollutants, and stores carbon (Robert E. White, 2005). Good soil management is key for a good production and a sustainable agro-ecosystem. Understanding the different types of soil is essential for effective land management, agriculture, and environmental conservation. The ideal soil composition consists of 50% solids (45% minerals and 5% organic matter) and 50% pores (25% air and 25% water).

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. It is caused by a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus. The disease results in significant economic losses due to reduced milk production, weight loss, infertility, and mortality of young .animals

In the quest for sustainable agriculture, biofertilizers have emerged as a game-changer. These natural fertilizers harness the power of microorganisms to enhance soil fertility and plant growth, offering an eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers. When applied biofertilizers to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promote growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.

Greenhouses are structures designed primarily for cultivating plants that require specific environmental conditions to thrive. They are typically made of transparent materials like glass or plastic to allow sunlight to penetrate and heat the interior. The transparent walls and roof help trap heat inside, creating a warmer climate than the external environment, which is crucial for growing plants that might not cultivate in the local climate. Greenhouses represent an innovative and important method for cultivating crops within an enclosed structure that regulates environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light exposure, and ventilation. This method has gained great importance in

In agriculture, irrigation systems play a fundamental role in ensuring the efficient and sustainable use of water resources for crop production. These systems are designed to deliver water to crops in a controlled way, supplementing natural rainfall and providing the necessary moisture levels for optimal growth. Irrigation technology has evolved significantly over time, ranging from simple techniques like surface irrigation to developed methods such as drip irrigation and sprinkler systems. The purpose of irrigation is not only to provide water directly to plants but also to manage the timing, quantity, and distribution of water effectively. This helps farmers overcome challenges posed by

Given the significant rise in temperatures during the summer and the accompanying significant challenges facing breeders, a practical experiment was conducted on a small flock of only 220 chicks in a simple backyard environment, without relying on the capabilities of large commercial farms. Despite the difficult climatic conditions, the birds demonstrated outstanding performance, reaching an average weight of 2.5 kg at 32 days of age. This performance is attributed to the complete reliance on BioFactor as a safe alternative to antibiotics throughout the cycle, which contributed to enhancing growth efficiency and maintaining a healthy digestive system with