Soil salinity refers to the concentration of soluble salts present in the soil. These salts accumulate over time through various natural and human- induced processes, and when present in high concentrations, they can severely impact agricultural productivity and plant health. The primary measurement used to assess soil salinity is Electrical Conductivity (EC), typically expressed in deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). This measurement works because dissolved salts increase the soil's ability to conduct electrical current; the more salts present, the higher the conductivity reading. Understanding where your soil falls on the salinity spectrum is crucial

Given the significant rise in temperatures during the summer and the accompanying significant challenges facing breeders, a practical experiment was conducted on a small flock of only 220 chicks in a simple backyard environment, without relying on the capabilities of large commercial farms. Despite the difficult climatic conditions, the birds demonstrated outstanding performance, reaching an average weight of 2.5 kg at 32 days of age. This performance is attributed to the complete reliance on BioFactor as a safe alternative to antibiotics throughout the cycle, which contributed to enhancing growth efficiency and maintaining a healthy digestive system with

The complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms is defined as soil. It forms the foundation of terrestrial ecosystems and plays a crucial role in supporting life on Earth. Soil serves as a medium for plant growth, regulates water flow, filters pollutants, and stores carbon (Robert E. White, 2005). Good soil management is key for a good production and a sustainable agro-ecosystem. Understanding the different types of soil is essential for effective land management, agriculture, and environmental conservation. The ideal soil composition consists of 50% solids (45% minerals and 5% organic matter) and 50% pores (25% air and 25% water).

Agriculture is the backbone of all civilizations, and the stronger this backbone is the stronger the civilization will be. Agricultural systems are man-made systems with the aim of cultivating the largest number of crops possible within the system. However, it makes no sense to follow a system that meets the aim we need if we can not sustain the system for years to come. Additionally, human and soil health should be evaluated as well, and the overall environmental effects should be studied before adopting any agricultural system. From this perspective, agronomists realized that the highest yield/production is not a reliable indicator for the efficiency or the sustainability

The fall armyworm belongs to the order Coleoptera, which is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America and moved to Africa in 2016 and then spread to Asia, Australia, and the Arab region (FAO 2021).

Pests and diseases cause between 20-40% of all crop production to be lost each year, this equates to losing around $300 billion annually (FAO, 2023). Such losses contribute massively to food insecurity, which is particularly prevalent in African countries. Pesticides are typically used to control pests, but their excessive use has led to biodiversity loss and widespread pollution, which in turn harms humans and the environment. To combat this growing challenge, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies have been increasingly adopted. These strategies focus on a combination of cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical approaches to control pests in an environmen