Agriculture is the backbone of all civilizations, and the stronger this backbone is the stronger the civilization will be. Agricultural systems are man-made systems with the aim of cultivating the largest number of crops possible within the system. However, it makes no sense to follow a system that meets the aim we need if we can not sustain the system for years to come. Additionally, human and soil health should be evaluated as well, and the overall environmental effects should be studied before adopting any agricultural system. From this perspective, agronomists realized that the highest yield/production is not a reliable indicator for the efficiency or the sustainability of the system, and that a holistic approach is needed to correctly evaluate different agricultural approaches. The aim of this article is to provide a brief comparison between conventional and organic agriculture in terms of productivity, fertilization, pest control, soil health, human health and the possible environmental effects each system may possess.